1. ADDITION "We discussed training, education and the budget. We also spoke about marketing." "We are interested in costs as well as the competition.” "They were concerned too.” "Marketing plans give us an idea of the potential market. Moreover/furthermore, they tell us about the competition.“ On top of that Besides
2. SEQUENCING IDEAS "Marketing and finance are both covered in the course. The former is studied in the first term and the latter is studied in the final term.“ Firstly/ first of all, … secondly, … finally (or lastly ) are useful ways to list ideas: Secondly, there is the worry that Col Gaddafi will defeat the rebellion or remain in power in Tripoli in a divided Libya. And third, he doesn’t account for greater or lesser degrees of liberalism or conservatism. The following people have been chosen to go on the training course: N Peters, C Jones and A Owen. She won the party leadership last year. Afterwards, she won the election.
3. CAUSE " Due to the rise in oil prices, the inflation rate rose by 1.25%." " Owing to the demand, we are unable to supply all items within 2 weeks." (DUE TO/ OWING TO+ NOUN) (DUE TO/OWING TO THE FACT THAT+ SENTENCE) Since / as (=because ) " Since the company is expanding, we need to hire more staff." “ As the company is expanding, we need to hire more staff." Because, thanks to, following, in view of/ in the light of, for fear of, given that…
Therefore So Consequently This means that As a result Therefore, so, consequently and as a result are all used in a similar way. "The company is expanding. Therefore / So / Consequently / As a result, they are taking on extra staff." So is more informal.
Contrasting ideas But is more informal than however. It is not normally used at the beginning of a sentence. "He works hard, but he doesn't earn much." "He works hard. However, he doesn't earn much.“ Although, despite and in spite of introduce an idea of contrast. With these words, you must have two halves of a sentence. "Although it was cold, she went out in shorts." "In spite of the cold, she went out in shorts.“ Despite and in spite of are used in the same way as due to and owing to. They must be followed by a noun. If you want to follow them with a noun and a verb, you must use the fact that. "Despite the fact that the company was doing badly, they took on extra employees."
Nevertheless and nonetheless mean in spite of that or anyway. "The sea was cold, but he went swimming nevertheless." (In spite of the fact that it was cold.) "The company is doing well. Nonetheless, they aren't going to expand this year.“ While, whereas and unlike are used to show how two things are different from each other. "While my sister has blue eyes, mine are brown." "Taxes have gone up, whereas social security contributions have gone down." "Unlike in the UK, the USA has cheap petrol.“ In theory … in practice … show an unexpected result. "In theory, teachers should prepare for lessons, but in practice, they often don't have enough time."
SO THAT/ IN ORDER TO : He got a visa so that he can travel to the USA. TO, SO AS TO, IN ORDER TO: She wakes up early in order to be on time to work. They visited him so as to offer their condolences for the death of his wife. SO AS NOT TO AND IN ORDER NOT TO (negative sentences) They woke up early in order not to be late. She exercises regularly so as not to get fat.
NOT ONLY…….. BUT ALSO……. (No sólo… sino también) NOT ONLY…… BUT ……..AS WELL
BOTH…………AND………………………….(tanto…. Como) No sooner…..than……. (apenas…….. Cuando……)
EITHER………….. OR………………… (O……………..O………) NEITHER………………………….NOR…… (NI….NI………)
OR ELSE………. (O SI NO……) OTHERWISE………. (DE OTRO MODO…)
1. Fred likes helping his friends. So does Linda. (both...and) 2. Harry used to date Ann. Or was it Helen? (either...or) We should learn to accept our weaknesses and our strengths. (not only...but also) 5. I've betrayed your trust. I've betrayed your love for me. (not only...but also) 6. He felt disappointed. He felt misunderstood. (both...and)
Brian isn't very considerate. Neither is Tom. (neither...nor) 8. A true friend is someone who is caring and loving. (both...and) 9. Rachel should apologise or leave. (either...or) 10. Richard and John didn't keep her secret. (neither...nor)
Complete: 1. Who wrote you this love letter? - I'm not sure. I think it was ___ Michael ___ Paul. 2. ___ Linda ___ Helen called to say sorry. I'm very sad and frustrated. 3. ___ Ryan ___ Susie have disappointed me. They didn't come to my birthday party. 4. Paul has been neglecting us. He ___ calls ___ hangs out with us anymore. 5. He hurt ___ her feelings ___ her dignity. This is unforgivable. 6. ___ loyalty ___ honesty are essential in a friendship. 7. You should ___ disrespect ___ deceive your friends. 8. I will take you ___ to the cinema ___ to the theatre. That's a promise.
