Сложное дополнение
В русском языке существует такое понятие как безличные предложения – их можно узнать по конструкциям «говорят, что..», «считается, что…», «сообщается, что…». Фразы с Complex Subject в английском – практически прямой их аналог. Употребление такого оборота в речи позволяет сделать ее более емкой и избежать сложных и громоздких придаточных предложений.
Complex Subject переводится как «сложное подлежащее» - именно такую роль он и играет в предложении. Образуется эта синтаксическая конструкция по строго установленному правилу. S + Passive Voice + Infinitive Jack is known to be a gifted poet. – известено, Джек как талантливый поэт. Maria is said to speak French a little bit. – Говорят, Мария немного знает французский.
Complex Subject мы используем для передачи чужих слов или мнения, когда нам не важно/не известно, кто это думает или говорит. Сравните следующие два предложения. Предложение 1: Мэри говорит, что они поженятся летом. Предложение 2: Говорят, они поженятся летом. Как видите, во втором предложении мы не уточняем, кто именно это говорит (нам это неважно), а делаем акцент на самом действии, которое произойдет.
В предложениях с Complex Subject могут использоваться различные формы инфинитива. His sister is told to be really charming. - Говорят, его сестра очаровательна. ( Simple Infinitive). Their team is announced to be competing at the moment. – Объявили, что их команда уже сейчас участвует в состязании. ( Continous Infinitive). Simon is said to have taken those books. – Говорят, что эти книги взял Саймон. ( Perfect Infinitive). She is supposed to have been training a lot before the competition. – Предполагают, что она много тренировалась перед соревнованиями. ( Perfect Continuous Infinitive).
Использовать Complex Subject можно со следующими глагольными группами и словами: говорение : to say, to report, to state, to announce восприятие органами чувств : to see, to hear, to observe, to watch, to feel глагол : to make глаголы : to show to reveal, to find умственное восприятие : to expect, to think, to believe, to suppose, to consider, to know
Предложения с оборотом Complex Subject также могут использоваться и в форме действительного залога. Такой вариант употребления наиболее правильный с глаголами appear (оказаться), turn out (оказаться, выясниться), happen (случиться, произойти, оказаться), seem (казаться). Helen doesn’t seem to be happy at her wedding. – Непохоже, что Хелен радуется своей свадьбе. I happened to have forgotten my workbook at home. – Так случилось, что рабочую тетрадь я забыл дома.
Smb ( smth ) + be + V3 + to Vinf говорение : to say, to report, to state, to announce He was said to work a lot. восприятие органами чувств : to see, to hear, to observe, to watch, to feel The man was seen to take off his coat. The door was heard to shut. глагол: to make He was made to go there. глаголы : to show to reveal, to find He was fund to have gone. у мственн ая деятельность : to expect, to think, to believe, to suppose, to consider, to know This type of equipment is supposed to have many advantages. Smb ( smth ) + V + toVinf to seem, to appear, to happen, to turn out, to chance She appeared to be a very excellent actress. This work seems to take much time. Smb ( smth ) + be + Adjective + to Vinf likely, unlikely, sure, certain He was sure to pass his exam. She is unlikely to come.
Exercise 1. Переведите на русский язык, обращая внимание на сложное подлежащее. 1. Не was said to be one of the most promising nuclear physicists. 2. He is said to be a good translator. 3. Alexandra is known to be an honest and hard-working girl. 4. Kira was expected to arrive at the New Year Party. 5. Becky and Tom were supposed to have stayed at the widow Douglas'. 6. The number of the unemployed is reported to be increasing with every month in Russia. 7. Many new textbooks are expected to be published soon. 8. The London Underground is said to be the oldest in the world. 9. Our teacher is known to have spoken several foreign languages. 10. A hare is known to run very fast.
Exercise 2. Перефразируйте предложения, употребляя сложное подлежащее. E.g. We heard that a car stopped outside the door, A car was heard to stop outside the door. 1. We know Bernard Shaw to have been a very witty man. 2. People consider the climate there to be very healthful. 3. It was announced that the Chinese dancers were arriving next week. 4. It is expected that the performance will be a success. 5. It is said that the book is popular with both old and young. 6. It is believed that the poem was written by an unknown soldier. 7. It is supposed that the playwrit er is working at a new comedy. 8. It is reported that the flood has caused much damage to the crops. 9. It was supposed that the crops would be rich that year. 10. It has been found that this mineral water is very good for the liver.
Exercise 3. Переведите на русский язык, обращая внимание на сложное подлежащее. Следующие глаголы употребляются в Active Voice. to seem, to appear, to turn out, to happen 1. Irving turned out to be a long, pale-faced fellow. 2. His office turned out to be in one of the back streets. 3. He appeared to be an ideal man. 4. She doesn't seem to want to do anything I suggest. 5. He turned out to have no feeling whatever for his nephew. 6. This appeared to amuse the policeman. 7. You can easily get in through the window if the door happens to be locked. 8. The peasants did not seem to see her. 9. The Gadfly seemed to have taken a dislike to Signora Grassini from the time of their first meeting. 10. You don't seem to have done any great thing to yourself by going away.
Exercise 4. Перефразируйте следующие пред-ло ж ения, употребляя сложное подлежащее. E.g. It appeared that they had lost the way. They appeared to have lost the way. 1. It seems they know all about it. 2. It seems they have heard all about it. 3. It seemed that the discussion was coming to the end. 4. It seems that you don’t approve of the idea. 5. It seemed that the house had not been lived in for a long time. 6. It appeared that he was losing patience. 7. It appeared that he had not heard what had been said. 8. It happened that I was present at the opening session. 9. It so happened that I overheard their conversation. 10. It turned out that my prediction was correct. 11. It turned out that the language of the article was quite easy.
Запомните следующие предложения, содержащие Complex Subject : He is likely to win the prize. — Похоже, что он выиграет приз. He is sure to come. — Он обязательно придет.
Exercise 5. Переведите на русский язык, обращая внимание на словосочетания to be likely to, to be sure to. 1. Mr. Worthing is sure to be back soon. 2. These two young people are sure to be very good friends. 3. You are sure to be there tomorrow night, aren't you? 4. M ost of us want many things that we are not likely to get. 5. He is sure to tell me all about this even if I don't ask him. 6. When Sandra said that they were sure to meet again, she saw Clyde's face suddenly brighten. 7. If we go on arguing, we are sure to quarrel. 8. They are sure to acknowledge your talent. 9. He is sure to give us some useful information. 10. She is not likely to change her opinion.
Exercise 6. Переведите на английский язык, употребляя сложное подлежащее. 1. Известно, что марсианские каналы были открыты в 1877 году. 2. Предполагают, что заседание закончится в десять часов. 3. Полагают, что они знают об этом больше, чем хотят показать. 4. Джим оказался храбрым мальчиком. 5. Рочестер случайно встретил Джейн по дороге домой. 6. Говорят, что он работает над своим изобретением уже несколько лет. 7. Говорят, что эта статья переведена на все языки мира. 8. Вы, кажется, много читали до поступления в университет. 9. Никак не ожидали, что холодная погода наступит так рано. 1 0. Оказалось, что мы уже когда-то встречались.
You’re my students. So, You’re the best!
Yes, I am sure!
