The word comes from the Greek (paidag ōgeō ); in which means "child" and ( ágō ) means "lead"; so it literally means "to lead the child". Teaching or the activity of educating or instructing and the methods used to instruct.
Pedagogy is defined as many different types and variations of teaching. There are many different ways in which students learn and teachers teach. Some of these ways are: discovery learning, group learning, distance learning, and independent study. S imply - it’s about teaching.
Another way to explain it is by referring to: the art of teaching - the responsive, creative, intuitive part; the craft of teaching - skills and practice; the science of teaching - research-informed decision making and the theoretical underpinning.
Education and psychology are interdependent ; Psychology gives education the theory of individual differences that every person has different mental ability and learns with different pace; Psychology is the study of human behaviour while Education is the process of modifying human behaviour SO both deal with human behaviour in different ways; Problem solving.
Psychology suggests use of different methods in teaching learning process to achieve better result; Psychology emphasis on Motivation and readiness in classroom; Psychology introduces new theories of learning in education; Psychology emphasis on activity base teaching learning process; Psychology emphasis on use of Visual Aid in teaching learning process etc.
Teaching (Learning) навчання(учіння) + Education (виховання) + Self-Education (самоосвіта, самовиховання)
Lecture; Case study; Socratic; Group; Problem; Seminar; Tutorial, individual presentations, role play etc.
Merits: Best method for large number of students. Demerits: Students remain passive; Lecture seldom receives feedback; One way process of communication; Virtually no scope for students to think.
It is a description of an actual situation, commonly involving a decision, a challenge, an opportunity, a problem or an issue faced by a person or persons in an organization; It is active learning and creative thinking.
Pioneered by Socrates; Students come prepared by reading; Teacher asks a series of questions to students; Questions stimulating rational thinking; There may be more than one correct answer; Students come to legal principals by there own;
Group of 5-10 students; Teacher’s role - peripheral; Group leader’s role - important. Merits: Interactive method promoting active learning; Lots of ideas and experiences from a group. Demerits: Transmission of information is slow.
Students are given practical problems; It provides stimulus to students’ interest; Students have to apply their mind.
Students to prepare a brief paper; Paper presentation before classmates followed by discussion; Students’ capacity for research and creative thinking developed; Teacher's role is that of the guide; Student based method.
Intensive tuition given by tutor to small number of students; Interactive method of teaching; 8-12 students; Informal atmosphere; Free and frank exchange between students and teacher; Individual attention to the students.
How do people learn? Information processing, cognitive psychology, learning theory: pay attention to information; new information related to prior knowledge; new information is stored; knowledge is retrieved at appropriate time.
A new information should be conveyed in such a way that the students grasp the knowledge efficiently and can apply it correctly in new situations.
Problems in transmission/ techniques/ strategies Classroom management/ administration Personal issues Instructor<-->student Student<-->student Solution Being proactive
active Learning; collaborative Learning; responsibility in Learning; Learning cycle: DO – REVIEW – LEARN – APPLY…………
Learning from others - explanatory instruction; Learning by discovery - guided inquiry instruction; Learning by doing - activities for applying-and-exploring.
They are interdependent: Belief; Sample; Stimulation; Forcing; Competition; Exercise / Practice.
Self-obligation; Self-affirmation; Self-organization; Self-control; Self-report; Relation to him/herself; Imitation of the example; Self-stimulation; Self-forcing; Auto-training. Including: Favorable conditions; Psychological condition.
In common language, a problem is an unpleasant situation, a difficulty. In education - a question raised for inquiry, consideration, or solution. "A solution, to be a solution, must share some of the problems characteristics." Richard L Kempe
Here is one of many possible models of problem solving: Problem identification - What is my concern? Goal definition - What do I want to achieve or change? Brainstorming - What can I do? Consequences - What might happen? Decision - How should I do it? Implementation - Do it! Evaluation - Did it work?
Abstraction - solving the problem in a model of the system before applying it to the real system; Analogy - using a solution that solved an analogous problem; Brainstorming; Divide & conquer - breaking down a large, complex problem into smaller, solvable problems; Lateral - approaching solutions indirectly and creatively; Means –ends analysis - choosing an action at each step to move closer to the goal; Reduction - transforming the problem into another problem for which solutions exist; Trial and error - testing possible solutions until the right one is found etc.
Each of us will use four of these approaches, one in each Action Mode, when we tackle challenges in the way we are most naturally comfortable. We make the biggest impact when we solve problems in ways that are most natural for us.
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